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Assassination Attempts

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Politics 19th Century Russia & Central Asia

Tsar Alexander II Assassinated in St. Petersburg

Tsar Alexander II had pursued reforms including the emancipation of serfs in 1861, yet faced growing revolutionary opposition from groups seeking to end autocratic rule through violence. The People's Will (Narodnaya Volya) organization planned multiple attacks after earlier attempts failed. On March 13, 1881, while returning to the Winter Palace from a military review in St. Petersburg, Alexander II's carriage was struck by a bomb thrown by Nikolai Rysakov; the tsar survived the initial blast but was fatally wounded by a second bomb from Ignacy Hryniewiecki as he inspected the damage. The attack killed the tsar and the assassin, with others injured. Alexander II's death ended his reform era and led to a more repressive regime under his son Alexander...

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Politics Born On 19th Century North America

Franklin D. Roosevelt Born in Hyde Park

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, at his family's estate in Hyde Park, New York. Educated at Groton and Harvard, he entered politics as a New York state senator and later served as assistant secretary of the Navy. After contracting a paralytic illness in 1921, Roosevelt rebuilt his political career and was elected governor of New York. He won the presidency in 1932 during the Great Depression and served from 1933 until his death in 1945, becoming the only U.S. president elected four times. His New Deal programs expanded federal involvement in economic relief, regulation, labor policy, infrastructure, and social insurance, including Social Security. After the United States entered World War II, Roosevelt worked closely with Allied...

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Politics Born On 19th Century North America

Harry S. Truman Born in Missouri

Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884, in Lamar, Missouri. After growing up largely in Independence, he worked in banking and farming before serving as an artillery officer in France during World War I. Truman later entered Missouri politics, became a United States senator, and gained national attention for chairing a committee investigating wartime defense spending. Elected vice president in 1944, he became the thirty-third president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in April 1945. Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki, accepted Japan's surrender, supported the creation of the United Nations, announced what became known as the Truman Doctrine, backed the Marshall Plan, recognized Israel, and committed U.S. forces during the Korean War. His...

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Politics Born On 19th Century North America

Huey Long Born in Winnfield

Huey Pierce Long Jr. was born on August 30, 1893, near Winnfield, Louisiana. After working as a traveling salesman and studying law, he entered Louisiana politics through the state railroad commission. Long was elected governor in 1928 and built an unusually powerful statewide political organization. His administration expanded roads, bridges, hospitals, schools, and free schoolbook programs while concentrating substantial political authority in his own organization and weakening many opponents. Long entered the United States Senate in 1932 and became a nationally prominent critic of concentrated wealth during the Great Depression. His Share Our Wealth program proposed sharply progressive taxation and limits on personal fortunes while promising minimum household resources. Long was widely expected to play a major role in the...

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Politics 20th Century North America

Anarchist Shoots President McKinley at Exposition

William McKinley, the 25th U.S. president, had led the nation through the Spanish-American War and was serving his second term amid growing industrial prosperity. On September 6, 1901, while greeting the public at the Temple of Music during the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, he was approached by Leon Czolgosz, a 28-year-old unemployed anarchist. Czolgosz fired two shots from a revolver concealed under a handkerchief, striking McKinley in the abdomen. The president initially appeared stable after emergency surgery but succumbed to gangrene on September 14, becoming the third U.S. president assassinated in 36 years. Czolgosz was quickly tried, convicted, and executed later that year.

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Politics 20th Century North America

Roosevelt Names It the White House

Upon taking office after President McKinley's assassination, Theodore Roosevelt sought to modernize presidential symbolism. On October 12, 1901, he directed staff to replace “Executive Mansion” with “White House” on official stationery, documents, and correspondence. The informal name, used popularly since the early 19th century for the building's white-painted exterior, gained formal status. Roosevelt's action standardized usage across government and reflected his energetic approach to the presidency. The change coincided with broader renovations and a more public-facing executive branch.

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Ronald Reagan Born in Tampico

Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois. After graduating from Eureka College, he worked as a radio sports announcer before moving to California and beginning a film career. Reagan appeared in dozens of motion pictures, served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later became a television host and spokesman for General Electric. His increasingly conservative political views led to a successful campaign for governor of California in 1966. Reagan served two terms as governor and won the presidency in 1980. As the fortieth president from 1981 to 1989, he pursued tax reductions, deregulation, increased defense spending, conservative judicial appointments, and a confrontational but later increasingly diplomatic relationship with the Soviet Union. He survived...

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Politics 20th Century North America

Theodore Roosevelt Survives Assassination Attempt

In the heated 1912 presidential campaign, former President Theodore Roosevelt ran as the Progressive Party candidate against incumbent William Howard Taft and Democrat Woodrow Wilson. On October 14 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Roosevelt was leaving his hotel for a speech when John Schrank, a mentally unstable former saloonkeeper obsessed with preventing third terms, shot him at close range. The bullet passed through Roosevelt's folded 50-page speech manuscript and steel eyeglass case before lodging in his chest. Despite the wound, Roosevelt delivered his full scheduled address, famously declaring that it would take more than that to kill a Bull Moose. He was hospitalized afterward but recovered.

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Richard Nixon Born in Yorba Linda

Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California, in a house built by his father on the family's citrus farm. He attended Whittier College and Duke University Law School, practiced law, and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Nixon entered Congress in 1947 and became nationally prominent through investigations involving alleged communist espionage. He served as vice president under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961, narrowly lost the 1960 presidential election, and won the presidency in 1968. As the thirty-seventh president, Nixon pursued détente with the Soviet Union, opened formal high-level relations with the People's Republic of China, established major environmental institutions, and gradually withdrew U.S. ground forces from Vietnam. His...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Gerald Ford Born in Omaha

Gerald R. Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother separated from his biological father shortly after his birth and later married Gerald Rudolph Ford, whose name the future president eventually adopted legally. Ford studied at the University of Michigan, where he played football, and earned a law degree from Yale. He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and then represented Michigan in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973, eventually becoming House Republican leader. President Richard Nixon appointed Ford vice president after Spiro Agnew resigned. When Nixon resigned because of the Watergate scandal on August 9, 1974, Ford became the thirty-eighth president, the only person to...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

John F. Kennedy Born in Brookline

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. The second of nine children in the politically prominent Kennedy family, he graduated from Harvard and served as a U.S. Navy officer during World War II. After the war, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House and Senate. He won the 1960 presidential election and became the thirty-fifth president in January 1961, the youngest person elected to the office. His administration confronted the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, accelerating American involvement in Vietnam, competition with the Soviet Union in space, and growing domestic demands for civil rights. Kennedy supported the goal of a crewed lunar landing and increasingly backed federal civil-rights legislation in 1963. On...

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Civil Rights Born On 20th Century North America

George Wallace Born in Clio, Alabama

George Corley Wallace Jr. was born on August 25, 1919, in Clio, Alabama. A lawyer and state judge, Wallace became one of the most prominent segregationist politicians of the civil-rights era. He was elected governor of Alabama in 1962 and gained national attention for defending racial segregation and resisting federally ordered integration, including his symbolic confrontation at the University of Alabama in 1963. Wallace later sought the presidency several times and won five states as the American Independent Party candidate in 1968, campaigning on themes that combined opposition to desegregation with populist criticism of federal institutions and social change. While campaigning for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972, he was shot and seriously wounded in Maryland, leaving him paralyzed. Wallace...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

George H. W. Bush Born in Milton

George Herbert Walker Bush was born on June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy after high school and became a naval aviator during World War II, surviving the loss of his aircraft during a mission in the Pacific. After graduating from Yale, Bush entered the Texas oil business before beginning a long public career. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives, as ambassador to the United Nations, chairman of the Republican National Committee, U.S. representative to China, and director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Bush served as vice president under Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989 and was elected the forty-first president in 1988. His presidency coincided with the end of the Cold War,...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Jimmy Carter Born in Plains, Georgia

James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr. was born on October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 and served as a naval officer, including work in the early nuclear-submarine program. After his father's death, Carter returned to Georgia to manage the family agricultural business and entered politics. He served in the Georgia State Senate and as governor before winning the 1976 presidential election. Carter served as the thirty-ninth president from 1977 to 1981. His administration emphasized human rights in foreign policy, negotiated the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel, established formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and faced inflation, energy shortages, and the Iran hostage crisis. After leaving office,...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Robert F. Kennedy Born in Brookline

Robert Francis Kennedy was born on November 20, 1925, in Brookline, Massachusetts, into the large political family of Joseph P. and Rose Kennedy. After wartime service in the U.S. Navy, he graduated from Harvard University and the University of Virginia School of Law. Kennedy managed his brother John F. Kennedy's successful 1952 Senate campaign and later became chief counsel to a Senate committee investigating labor racketeering. President Kennedy appointed him U.S. attorney general in 1961. In that position he played important roles in federal civil-rights enforcement, organized-crime prosecutions, and administration deliberations during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. Senate from New York in 1964 and increasingly spoke about poverty, racial injustice, and the Vietnam War. He...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Joe Biden Born in Scranton

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His family later moved to Delaware, where Biden attended the University of Delaware before earning a law degree from Syracuse University. After brief work in law and local government, he won election to the U.S. Senate in 1972 at age twenty-nine and served from 1973 until 2009. Biden became particularly associated with the Senate Judiciary and Foreign Relations committees. He served as vice president under Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017 and won the presidency in 2020. As the forty-sixth president from 2021 to 2025, Biden's administration dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic, infrastructure investment, climate and industrial policy, the withdrawal from Afghanistan, Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Donald Trump Born in Queens

Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, in Queens, New York City. He attended the New York Military Academy, Fordham University, and the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania before entering his family’s real-estate business. Trump expanded the business under the Trump Organization name and became a nationally recognized public figure through real estate, licensing, books, and television, including The Apprentice. He entered presidential politics as a Republican and won the 2016 election, serving as the forty-fifth president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. After losing the 2020 election to Joe Biden, Trump remained the dominant figure in the Republican Party and won the presidency again in 2024. He returned to office on January 20,...

Event Detail PolicyClown

Politics Born On 20th Century North America

George W. Bush Born in New Haven

George Walker Bush was born on July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up primarily in Texas. He attended Yale University and Harvard Business School, worked in the Texas energy industry, and became part owner of the Texas Rangers baseball organization. Bush was elected governor of Texas in 1994 and reelected in 1998. He won the disputed 2000 presidential election after the Supreme Court decision in Bush v. Gore and served as the forty-third president from 2001 to 2009. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks defined much of his presidency. His administration launched military operations in Afghanistan and later invaded Iraq in 2003. Domestically, Bush signed major tax reductions, the No Child Left Behind Act, and the Medicare...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Bill Clinton Born in Hope, Arkansas

Bill Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas, several months after his father died. He later took the surname Clinton from his stepfather. After studying at Georgetown University, Oxford, and Yale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas, where he taught law and entered politics. He served as state attorney general and, across several terms, as governor of Arkansas. In 1992, he was elected the forty-second president of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. His administration coincided with strong economic growth, declining federal deficits that became surpluses, welfare reform, implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, and U.S. involvement in conflicts and diplomacy in Europe and the Middle East. In...

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Politics Born On 20th Century North America

Barack Obama Born in Honolulu

Barack Hussein Obama II was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii. He spent portions of his childhood in Hawaii and Indonesia, later attending Occidental College, Columbia University, and Harvard Law School. After work as a community organizer in Chicago, Obama practiced law, taught constitutional law, and served in the Illinois State Senate. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2004 and won the presidency in 2008, becoming the first African American elected president of the United States. Obama served two terms, from 2009 to 2017. His administration responded to the aftermath of the Great Recession, enacted the Affordable Care Act, pursued financial and consumer-protection reforms, and made major foreign-policy decisions involving Iraq, Afghanistan, counterterrorism, Cuba, and the...

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Politics 20th Century Europe

De Gaulle Survives OAS Assassination Attempt

France faced deep divisions over Algerian independence, granted earlier in 1962 after years of war. The far-right Organisation de l'Armée Secrète (OAS) opposed de Gaulle's policies and plotted his death. On August 22, 1962, as President Charles de Gaulle and his wife traveled from the Élysée Palace toward an airport in a Citroën DS, gunmen ambushed the motorcade near Petit-Clamart outside Paris. The attackers fired over 150 rounds, striking the car multiple times and nearly hitting de Gaulle. The vehicle's advanced suspension and speed allowed it to escape, with de Gaulle and his wife unharmed. The plotters, led by Jean Bastien-Thiry, were later captured; he became the last person executed by firing squad in France.

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Politics 20th Century North America

President John F. Kennedy Assassinated in Dallas

John F. Kennedy's presidency emphasized Cold War leadership, civil rights initiatives, and space exploration amid domestic and international tensions. On November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade through Dallas, Texas, Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald from a nearby building. Texas Governor John Connally was also wounded in the attack. Kennedy was pronounced dead at Parkland Memorial Hospital shortly afterward. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president aboard Air Force One later that day. Oswald was arrested after killing a police officer but was himself murdered before trial. The assassination shocked the nation and prompted immediate investigations into conspiracy theories.

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Law 20th Century North America

Johnson Establishes Warren Commission on JFK Assassination

Just days after President John F. Kennedy's assassination in Dallas on November 22, 1963, public skepticism and conspiracy theories began circulating about the lone gunman narrative involving Lee Harvey Oswald. On November 29, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Executive Order 11130 creating the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren and including prominent figures like Allen Dulles and John McCloy. The bipartisan panel was tasked with investigating all facts and circumstances surrounding the assassination and the subsequent killing of Oswald. It conducted extensive interviews, reviewed evidence, and operated independently of ongoing criminal proceedings. The commission's work aimed to reassure the public and clarify events amid national mourning.

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Law 20th Century North America

Warren Commission Releases JFK Assassination Report

Following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, President Lyndon B. Johnson established the Warren Commission to investigate the shooting and related events. Chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the seven-member panel reviewed evidence, witness testimony, and forensic analysis over ten months. On September 27, 1964, the Commission released its 888-page report concluding that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy and wounding Texas Governor John Connally. The findings aimed to reassure the public but sparked decades of debate and alternative theories.

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