Richard I Defeats Saladin at Battle of Arsuf
During the Third Crusade, European forces sought to recapture Jerusalem from Muslim control after earlier setbacks like the Battle of Hattin. Led by King Richard I of England, the Crusader army marched south along the Palestinian coast from Acre toward Jaffa, facing constant harassment from Saladin's Ayyubid forces. On September 7, 1191, near Arsuf, Saladin committed his full army of roughly 25,000 cavalry in an attempt to break the Crusader column. The Crusaders, numbering around 11,000 to 20,000 including infantry and knights from various orders, maintained discipline under Richard's command until a timely countercharge by the Hospitallers and supporting cavalry routed the attackers. The victory allowed the Crusaders to secure the central Palestinian coast, including Jaffa, though it did not...